1. 關(guān)于“False”和“Not Given”的解釋 (An Explanation of “False” and “Not Given”)

　　Students generally find this type of exercise rather difficult. One reason is that they are used to doing true and false exercises where the false covers false and not given. Then when they come to do true, false or not given, they cannot make the distinction between the three different types of contradiction and not given. It is therefore important that students are able to understand what false means in true, false and not given. There are three types of contradictions:

　　學(xué)生通常發(fā)現(xiàn)這種題型很難。其中的原因之一是這些學(xué)生習(xí)慣于做true和false題目，其中的false涵蓋了false和not given兩種情況。所以當(dāng)學(xué)生在做true, false和 not given的題目時(shí)他們無(wú)法區(qū)分三個(gè)不同種類(lèi)的矛盾對(duì)立狀況和”not given”的區(qū)別。因此，學(xué)生要理解”false”的含義?？偣灿腥N矛盾對(duì)立狀況：

　　statements which are the opposite of the original text.

　　命題與原文內(nèi)容對(duì)立（相反）。

　　statements which are the opposite of the original text, because they are negative.

　　命題與原文對(duì)立（相反），因?yàn)槊}否定原文內(nèi)容。

　　statements where the information is not the opposite or negative, but the information in the statement contradicts that given in the text.

　　命題信息既不對(duì)立（相反）也不否定，但是和原文內(nèi)容矛盾。

　　Look at the examples below relating to the text and exercises:

　　Example 1

　　原文：Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.

　　題目：Hurricanes are winds with the speed of up to 74 miles per hour.

　　分析：由于原文中的核心內(nèi)容是“at least 74 miles per hour”，而題目中是“up to 74 miles per hour”。因此，這就是False的第一種情況：命題與原文內(nèi)容對(duì)立（相反）。

　　Example 2

　　原文：As forecasting improved communities were no longer surprised by hurricanes and could take measures to evacuate ahead of the storm. While destruction still continues, the number of deaths in hurricanes has dropped significantly.

　　題目：The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased due to improvements in forecasting.

　　分析：原文的核心內(nèi)容是“While destruction still continues”，而題目中的內(nèi)容是“The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased”。因此，這就是False的第二種情況：命題否定原文內(nèi)容。

　　Example 3

　　原文：In 1609, a fleet of ships carrying settlers from England to Virginia USA was struck by a hurricane. Some of the ships were damaged and part of the fleet grounded on Bermuda, an isolated nation in the Atlantic. These passengers became the first people to live on Bermuda.

　　題目：The first people to live on Bermuda were settlers who chose to live there as alternative to England.

　　分析：通過(guò)原文和題目比較我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：沒(méi)有明顯的對(duì)立和否定的詞匯出現(xiàn)。而是通過(guò)句式結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換產(chǎn)生了題目和文章信息的矛盾。因此，這就是False的第三種情況。

　　那么，not given是如何判斷呢？我們?cè)賮?lái)看一個(gè)例子：

　　Example 4

　　原文：The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone coast-line.

　　題目：The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes.

　　分析：盡管題目和原文中有對(duì)應(yīng)的詞出現(xiàn)：The Mayans和major settlements，但是題目中的因果關(guān)系在文章中并沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)。也沒(méi)于出現(xiàn)有關(guān)“lost”的相應(yīng)表述。因此我們可以判斷此題為not given。

　　2. What is the keyword? 什么是關(guān)鍵詞

　　Select ONE keyword from each of the following:

　　從以下的句子中劃出一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：

　　Networking is not a modern idea.

　　People fall into two basic categories.

　　All teachers are cynics.

　　The first piece of Hesse’s art has little effect on visitors to the gallery.

　　The New Forest has already been made into a National Park.

　　Suggested answers:

　　參考答案：

　　not

　　two

　　all

　　little or perhaps first

　　already

　　The suggested answers I’ve given may not seem that obvious to the students who would possibly consider keywords such as 'modern' or 'New Forest' as more significant. However, the keywords shown have a greater significance in terms of the meaning of the whole statement and illustrate a number of traps in the test. For instance:

　　我所給出的參考答案又有可能對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)不是那么明顯。學(xué)生有可能認(rèn)為諸如”modern”或”New Forest” 這一類(lèi)關(guān)鍵詞更重要一些。但是，根據(jù)整個(gè)題目的意義來(lái)說(shuō)，參考答案所給出的關(guān)鍵詞更加重要，而且體現(xiàn)了考試出題的陷阱。請(qǐng)看以下例子的分析:

　　'not' makes the statement negative as opposed to possibly being positive in the text

　　'two' determines a specific number of categories which may differ in the text.

　　'all' determines that every teacher is a cynic and not a proportion of.

　　'little' has a negative connotation as opposed to 'a little' another one to watch out for is 'few' and 'a few'

　　'already' shows that the New Forest was made into a National Park in the past and is not a future proposal i.e. an indication of past, present or future time.

　　These examples hence illustrate the importance of looking out for: negativity, a specific number, the whole or a proportion of, positive and negative connotation and reference to time. Other ones to watch out for include:

　　這些例子搜尋以下關(guān)鍵詞的重要性：否定詞，具體的數(shù)字，限定范圍的詞，具有肯定或否定意義的詞和時(shí)間指示詞。其他的需要搜尋的關(guān)鍵詞包括：

　　Modals e.g. words like must, should, have to (varying degrees of obligation or certainty)

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（表示不同程度的義務(wù)和確定性）

　　Adverbs of frequency e.g. sometimes, always

　　頻率副詞，如sometimes, always

　　Words such as most, some, all

　　諸如most, some, all等限定詞

　　3. 同義轉(zhuǎn)換能力 (Paraphrasing Ability)

　　A paraphrase is a restatement of a paragraph, sentence, or word.

　　我們通過(guò)對(duì)一道TRUE/YES考題的分析來(lái)掌握同義轉(zhuǎn)換能力。

　　EXAMPLE

　　The original sentence (文章原句):

　　“Until recently, criminologists could not afford to analyze DNA evidence for all homicide cases.”

　　An effective paraphrase of this sentence（題目中的同義轉(zhuǎn)換）:

　　“Crime labs now can use DNA for all murder cases.”

　　NOTE: This paraphrase utilizes synonyms to replace key words. Some are very close (DNA vs. DNA evidence and homicide vs. murder), while others take more liberties (criminologists vs. crime labs and could not vs. now can). The essential meaning has been retained, however, despite these significant changes.

　　通過(guò)上述的分析，總結(jié)出以下四種同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換技巧：

　　◆ replace a Phrase with a Word (or a Word with a Phrase) 單詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)換

　　Until recently轉(zhuǎn)換成了now，criminologists轉(zhuǎn)換成了Crime labs

　　◆ Start the Sentence Differently 句型結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換

　　原句采用了Until recently……criminologists could not的結(jié)構(gòu), 而在題目中的運(yùn)用了Crime labs now can……的結(jié)構(gòu)

　　◆ Replace a Word with a Synonym 同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換

　　同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換包含了詞匯轉(zhuǎn)換的內(nèi)容，但更注重的是對(duì)于單詞本身的替換。

　　上面例子中最明顯的同義詞替換就是homicide和murder。另外analyze和use的替換也屬于這種情況。

　　◆ Change Passive into Active Voice/Negative Slant to Positive 主動(dòng)被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換/ 否定肯定轉(zhuǎn)換

　　這種轉(zhuǎn)換方式和句型結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換有相似的地方，但更注重表達(dá)方式的理解。如”until recently……could not afford to analyze……” 轉(zhuǎn)換成了”……now can use……”